Developing A World Class Inclusive Education System Essay

The Special Education 2000 programme was introduced by the New Zealand Ministry of Education 1996. By introducing such a programme the government intended to develop a world class inclusive education system. The model and aim at that stage was to reform the education system where children with disabilities could be integrated into the mainstream education system. This would enable children with disabilities to attend their local community schools where having the same opportunities as their siblings and friends from their community. In 1996 Lipsky Gartner described inclusive education as â€Å"students with disabilities having full membership in age-appropriate classes in their neighbourhood schools, with appropriate supplementary aids and support services†. In more recent years it has become evident that inclusive education should include the participation of all students in schooling. The system had to be restructured so that the culture, policies and practices in schools c an cater to the diverse needs of all children within the community that the school is located in. Inclusive schools are based on the belief that all children can learn. They should also respect that children are different and all differences need to acknowledged and catered to. Policies, systems and the structures within schools should be enhanced to meet the needs of all children. There has been a concerted effort made by the Ministry of Education and the New Zealand government to reform inclusiveShow MoreRelatedPrinciples, Policies Frameworks of Inclusive Schooling Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesBriefly discuss how you believe policies and legislation related to Inclusive Education could influence attitudes towards the way society accepts difference. In recent times I believe there has been a heightened awareness regarding the necessity to develop Inclusive Classrooms that celebrate difference and cater for a diverse range of learning styles and needs. My belief is reflected in the increasing amount of policies and legislation being developed at both state and Commonwealth levels. TheseRead MoreDeveloping Policies Of Trinidad And Tobago1674 Words   |  7 PagesAs I look at the developing policies of Trinidad and Tobago which embraces access to quality education. I found these document which supports our vision, the STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, (MOE), (2002-2006). And MINISTRY OF EDU-CATION, EDUCATION POLICY PAPER (1993 - 2003). In the past Trinidad and Tobago has had equity and equality issues (UNESCO, 2003) these were the developing policy that embraces access to equality education for all. And in these documents the government is focusingRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MoreCreating a Positive Learning Environment Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pagessome potential advantages and difficulties for me as a new teacher. Education systems and services are integral to setting up a learning environment that maximises teaching and learning. I agree with Munro (2009) that being aware of what services, programs and support staff are available will be of great benefit to the learning environment, students and professional learning. I believe that adopting individual education plans, students learning profiles and modifying the curriculum can reduceRead MoreSalamanca Statement1439 Words   |  6 Pages(UNESCO, 1994) says: Regular schools with this inclusive orientation are the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes, creating welcoming communities, building inclusive society and achieving education for all; moreover, they provide an effective education to the majority of children and improve the efficiency and ultimately the cost effectiveness of the entire education system. (Quote from the Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education at: http://inclusion.uwe.ac.uk/csie/slmca/htm)Read MoreIn A Postmodern Industrialized Nation Like The United States1424 Words   |  6 Pagesfunction of our education system, and how they are designed to support the operation of our society as a whole. In the United States today we are a society that is driven by capitalism, fueled by the information age, and presently enjoying the benefits of a thriving post-industrial economy. The function of the social institution in Americ is to support these systems and to promote prosperity and the fluid operation of our society. Specific social institutions like our education system, the economyRead More Critical Review of Helping Students Meet the Challenges of Academic Writing by Fernsten and Reda 1386 Words   |  6 Pageswho are struggling with â€Å"negative writer self-identity. The possible causes according to Fernsten Reda are, â€Å"issues such as race, class and gender that are marginalized factors for many basic writers†, in addition to the expectations of the dominant academic culture. However, even though Fernsten Reda illuminated the ‘potential conflicts’ within the academic world, they have failed to provide conclusive evidence that supports their argument regarding their solution. Their reliance on dated researchRead MoreTechnology And The Classroom Is Extremely Beneficial For Students For A Vast Number Of Reasons961 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious forms of technology in education, these technologies are not necessarily supported by the community due to insufficient information detailing the benefits they provide in a child’s development. However, by embracing the digital world and ensuring that the technologies being implemented are engaging and fulfil individual educational requirements, students become more efficient learners and are empowered to develop positive and meaningful interpretations of the world. It is essential for educatorsRead MoreTeaching Students With Special Needs1740 Words   |  7 PagesWe live in a world where we exclude people who are different and that needs to change not only in the workplace, but also school. Students with special needs have always been separated from a regular classroom. By including special needs children, this will help the student not only thrive in academics but also in life by gaining social and technical skills. Students will feel like they are part of a regular classroom and are not excluded because of their disability. By students having a regularRead MoreChildren With Special Needs Should Spend Most Of The Time With Non Disabled Kids1643 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical disability who use wheelchair or cane. Other with learning disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder or emotional disorder. Children with special needs are like all children in that they want make friends, respect, and love, good education and job of their dream. Children with special needs can do the same things non disabled kid does, but it can take them longer, requires additional explanation or attention. Parents of children with special needs usually feel isolated and uncertain

The System Used For Reporting Under Gaas Within The United...

The way in which audit reports have been documented and presented has slightly changed since the 1940’s whereby the use of guidelines as provided by GAAS (Generally Accepted Auditing Standards) in the documentation and reporting of the report is still in use. The system used for reporting under GAAS within the United States is the pass/ fail model which analysts believe to be a very useful tool for concise and clear assessment of a fair reporting of the audited financial statements of a company. The new set of rules by the PCAOB sets out to seek the presentation of additional information regarding the process of audit pertaining to each business by rolling out new audit standards. The new standards that require that a personal signature of the engagement partner be added to the final audit reports and the second rule requiring the disclosure of Critical Audit Matters (CAMs) together with other information that explicitly relate to each audit process. The effect of these two rules by the PCAOB will in effect mean that the scope towards transparency is widened and that the users of the audited information would easily rely on the information presented by the companies without any lingering questions as to the authenticity of the reports. Audit reporting and documentation provided by the previous standards required the auditor to communicate that the audit process could only offer a reasonable assurance to the users of the conformity with the Generally Accepted AuditingShow MoreRelatedImportance of Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)4938 Words   |  20 PagesAccepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) Miriam Manjarres November 18, 2012 Abstract The Generally Accepted Auditing Standards are standards that were developed through the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants as a foundation in conducting an audit in its reasonable accuracy. There is a need for auditors to follow the standards provided to be able to render a report of the financial statements audited stating that it is free from any misstatement. GAAS are divided into three categoriesRead MoreSolution to Auditing and Assurance Service: 1,12,B, 329605 Words   |  119 Pagescan refer to Exhibit 1.2 and respond in terms of: (1) obtaining and evaluating evidence about assertions management makes about economic actions and events, (2) ascertaining the degree of correspondence between the assertions and the appropriate reporting framework, and (3) providing an audit report (opinion). Students can also respond more generally in terms of â€Å"lending credibility† to financial statements presented by management (attestation). 1.5 An attest engagement is: â€Å"An engagement in whichRead MoreAuo 1 Study Guide Essay12292 Words   |  50 PagesAuditing and Information Systems Additional Study Questions/ Study Guide 1. Accounting Information Systems Competency 302.1.1: Nature and Purpose The student understands the nature and purpose of information systems. * What is the difference between transaction processing systems, management information systems, and decision support systems? 2. Transaction processing systems - document financial activities 3. Management information systems - used to collect qualitativeRead MoreCase Study Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesEnron Corporation began as a small natural gas distributor and, over the course of 15 years, grew to become the seventh largest company in the United States. Soon after the federal deregulation of natural gas pipelines in 1985, Enron was born by the merging of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, a Nebraska pipeline company. Initially, Enron was merely involved in the distribution of gas, but it later became a market maker in facilitating the buying and selling of futures of natural gas, electricityRead MoreAudit and Assurance Services3085 Words   |  12 PagesChanges in the method that organizations employ in conducting business also increase the danger of fraudulent financial reporting. Financial failures and high profile scandals within business environment between 2000 and 2002 have necessitated market regulators to call for scrutiny in the corporate financial re porting in the United States. The occurrence of fraudulent practices within business environment made the stakeholders to call for risk management, governance as well as increase in the scrutinyRead MoreWhat Does Forensic Mean?3765 Words   |  16 Pages1. What does forensic mean? From Latin forensis ‘in open court, public,’ - Relating to, used in, or appropriate for courts of law or for public discussion or argumentation. - Of, relating to, or used in debate or argument; rhetorical. - Relating to the use of science or technology in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of law: a forensic laboratory. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/forensic 2. Define forensic accounting. Forensic accounting is a typeRead MoreAccounting Terminology Guide17204 Words   |  69 PagesO  |  P  |  Q  |  R  |  S  |  T  |  U  |  V  | W  |  Y  |  Z   The  New  York  State  Society  of  CPAs  (NYSSCPA)  General  Committee  on  Public  Relations  has   prepared  this  glossary  as  an  educational  tool  for  journalists  who  report  on  and  interpret  financial   information.   How  to  Use  this  Guide   To  jump  to  a  letter  in  the  alphabet,  click  the  letter  at  the  top.   When  you  see  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Top  of  Page†,  click  the  link   and  it  will  bring  you  here.   Capitalized  terms  that  appear  within  definitions  of  other  terms  are  also  defined  in  this  guideRead MoreFinancial Statement Frauds29904 Words   |  120 PagesAuditor’s Responsibili ty for Detecting Financial Statement Fraud - Tiina Intal and Linh Thuy Do Graduate Business School School of Economics and Commercial Law Gà ¶teborg University ISSN 1403-851X Printed by Elanders Novum Abstract Financial reporting frauds and earnings manipulation have attracted high profile attention recently. There have been several cases by businesses of what appears to be financial statement fraud, which have been undetected by the auditors. In this thesis, the main purposeRead MorePhar Mor Case8496 Words   |  34 Pagescontributing to an environment conducive to accounting fraud . Understand what factors may inappropriately influence the client-auditor relationship and auditor independence Understand auditor legal liability issues related to suits brought by plaintiffs under both statutory and COmmonlaw INTRODUCTION In December 1995, the flamboyant entrepreneur Michael Mickey Monus, formerly president and chief operating officer (COO) of the deep-discount retail chain PharMor, Inc., was sentenced to 19 years and sevenRead MoreFord and Toyota Case Study Essay3959 Words   |  16 Pagesengineered by Henry Ford. They are one of the world’s largest producers of cars and trucks. They and their subsidiaries also engage in other businesses, including financing vehicles. They have two operating sectors: automotive and financial services. Within these sectors, their business is divided into reportable segments based upon the organizational structure that they use to evaluate performance and make decisions on resource allocation, as well as availability and materiality of separate financial

Corporate Critical Perspectives on Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Critical Perspectives on Accounting. Answer: Introduction: Corporate failure is identified to be common for both the readings. Both the article readings basically introduce accounting and regulation rules in response to the occurrence of corporate failure (Carnegie OConnell, 2014, pp. 461-463; Rankin et al., 2012, pp. 370-371). Also, highlights the fact that often the audit process is responsible for corporate failure. However, readings differ with one another as Rankin et al. (2012, pp. 366-379) is about indicators and causes leading to the incidence of corporate failure along with case study on global crisis. On the other hand, Carnegie and OConnell (2014, pp. 451-459) is identified to be mentioning about four main periods in Australia with respect to various issues associated with failure of accounting in different sectors and corporate collapse. While, Rankin et al.(2012, p. 369) state the main issue to be as practices of corporate governance that ultimately leads to the corporate failure due to various factors like failed internal cont rols, ineffective board meetings and decisions, audit process and illuminated cash flow. In the article by Carnegie and OConnell (2014, pp. 459-464), it has been argued that failure in following any rules of accounting include factors like financial reporting, audit reformed. These two major factors of accounting failure are also responsible for causing corporate failure. So, basically both the readings point out to the fact that indeed the audit process is a major influencing factor in the process of management and accounting. According to Rankin Et al (2012) audit independence can be an important solution to corporate failure. This is because audit independence can lead to avoid greed for power (Hamilton Micklethwait, 2006, p. 11). However, despite brining about audit independence some other factors of corporate failure would still exist like poor strategic decisions taken by the ineffective board members making an impact on governance (Hamilton Micklethwait, 2006, p. 11). Therefore, keeping these factors in mind regulation in accounting should be taken as another measure for tackling corporate failure. References Carnegie, G. D., OConnell, B. T. (2014). A longitudinal study of the interplay of corporate collapse, accounting failure and governance change in Australia: Early 1890s to early 2000s. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(6), 446-468. Hamilton, S., Micklethwait, A. (2006). Greed and corporate failure. The Lessons from Recent. Rankin, M., Stanton, P. A., McGowan, S. C., Ferlauto, K., Tilling, M. (2012). Contemporary issues in accounting: Wiley.

Restructuring of an Architectural Marvel Sydney Opera House

Building of a new Opera House One of the wondrous of an architecture, an icon for art, Sydney Opera House is a piece of excellence and an evidence of refined technological skills. It is the face of Sydney and a worldwide fame for art and culture. The construction of Opera House was a task of full of challenges with intrusion of conflicting views and nose poking by the Government agencies (Fromonot, 1998). A well thought plan was not able to get implemented and the costs were escalating at an exponential rate. Hence, a new opera house construction is under the task and under the guidance of project management. The project aspirations should be mapped into well thought plans with missions and prospective goals. A capable organization For a capable organization, a competent project manager is the soul. They manage the objectives, build up the requirements, mange any kind of constraint imbibing to the principles of cost, scope and quality. These most critical aspects of time, cost and quality should be decided in the requirement analysis phase with a vision to complete the target in the proposed dimensions. Architectural freedom(Murray, 2003) is necessary but it should be provided within the permissible limits of laws and requirements, clearly stating everything required in the initial phase itself. The chief architect of SOH project, Utzon, was given complete freedom in every aspect of project development and there were intrusions from the Government before the completion of design which lead to a poor implementation with escalated costs and delayed completion. Hence, it is evident that requirement analysis phase (Bourne, 2007) is the most critical time of project analysis. The aspects of design should be amalgama ted with complexities of time and cost for efficient execution of the plan. For rebuilding SOH, requirements would be critically gathered and frozen before entering onto the next design phase and efficient construction plan would be prepared within the proposed deadline and prescribed budget before heading on to actual implementation. It is a myth that collaboration between the project heads would be sufficient for such a great project and hence it is essential to have project manager to dwell deeper into every critical issue and coordinate with the heads to manage and balance of the dimensions(Shofner, 2006) of project undertaken. Technical training for juniors architects is a must for executing highly skilled plan and project. A project manager wears a multi-colored hat of responsibilities(Kerzner, 2013) ensuring that everyone is feeling empowered and is executing respective tasks. Starting from development of the project plan, heading towards management of potential stakeholders, communication plans, project schedule, budget, and then moving forward for risks or potential threats. Project manager plays a principal role in real life projects. If there is an executing committee, member must be skilled and aware of every potential opportunity and beware of any potential threat. Strengths of any organization target ing for a new design of opera house would be the key stakeholders involved, their knowledge and skills, their innovative practices and their competencies to make a balance between cost, time and quality. Management skills and Innovation Capabilities to successfully complete the task would be borne out of a well made, discussed and implemented requirement document with an inclusion of every aspect of project headed by a manager. Innovation is a key catalyst(Cleland, 1999) and a driving force for every project management. At that time of development, technology was not so advanced to incorporate changes in the middle phases of project design but, as far as modern times are concerned, agile practices (Dalcher, 2009)can be put into effect so that any requirement change can be flexibly imbibed in the project plan and executed in the project design without much increase in costs or delays in the plan. The goals proposed should be optimistic but should prevent from being over optimistic. Semantic web (Schevers et.al, 2007) principles should be put into practice with latest advancements. Agile practices are innovative skills that should be made a part of the project for redesigning of SOH project in order to prevent any kind of delays or potential failures. To bring ideas to fruition, government policies, clients requirements and project budgets must be clearly defined and understood prior to initiation of design phase. An extensive analysis phase is required by a skilled team in order to accommodate every necessary element of project development. Other innovative strategies for construction of the roof should be implemented by finalizing the architecture plan and including all the aspects of technical, transformational and transactional roles(Watson, 2006). There must be graphically mapped engineering design techniques implemented for design of various patterns of the roofs to minimize the cost and optimize the presentation. Earlier the process for roof design was iterative but now conventional approaches should be overcome by other models of project development which includes risks, call for changes and are efficient in enhancing the productivity and construction practices in less amount of time. Various layers can be constructed in parallel with an aim to reduce time of overall project development. Relevant domains of knowledge It is quite critical to excel and empower in key knowledge arenas before taking up the project. This large scaled SOH project needs to have a leader more than a manager. There are various areas such as project perspective, architectural bend, engineering excellence(Morris, 1983), project analysis, critical evaluation, risk management, resource allocation etc. which needs to be mastered. There is a need of various innovative practices, and project tools for management tasks like, work breakdown structures, value management, and critical path analysis etc. Project manager should have a control of every dimension of the project and he is the face of it. An architect project lead should have multi-faceted design (House, 1976)approach and should cooperate with construction manager or consultant to cater to the issues of budget, quality control or scheduling. An engineering project lead should have an insight through all stages of research and development taking into account a knowledge of laws, requirements or infrastructure varying from region to region. Cordial relation with communities It is crucial to develop cordial and communicative relationship, with all the committees involved by including their fair requirements and by catering to their policies which fall in the domain of the project tasks. Also, some of the constraints of the project should be explained by the project manager to the committees involved. This is an evidence of competency of the project manager and the team. Communities are appointed to monitor all the tasks and to have a control over the activities, budget and time of the project. Project manager must have an open communication with these communities in order to incorporate requirements, changes, updates, potential opportunities(El-Sabaa, 2001) or threats for the ongoing project. Views and feedback of the communities must be regarded and respected. Feasibility check Economic Aspect: Economically the project can be balanced to have a proper planning prior to the design phase by freezing the requirements and to keep a margin to incorporate changes at a later phase. A complete budget report(Whetten, 2011) should be prepared and discussed with the respective authority. Technical Aspect: It is quite feasible to include various innovative and technologically advanced practices into the functioning but keeping a check over knowledge and skills of the construction workers and junior engineers involved. Computer aided design (Drew, 1999)techniques must be included with proper guidance given to the staff for an effective use. Operational Aspect: The construction and engineering tasks taken up by the project should be aided by consultants and experienced managers in order to effectively operate the procedures and develop the tasks. Gaps and Requirements PRESENT SYSTEM GAP(Y/N) REQUIREMENTS Cost overrun Y An extensive insight into costs and preparing an initial contract for overall cost with slight modifications Deadline exceeded Y Complete planning and full analysis of time schedule with due dates and abidance of deadlines Iterative but innovative practices Y Technologically proficient and incorporating of agile principles into practice along with tools Non flexible to include changes at a later phase Y Flexible approaches towards project development Manual planning and compilation Y Automated tools and principles of constructions and management COMMUNICATION PLAN Communication plan for the project should be planned well in advance and must be fulfilled as per the assigned roles. The documents are an agreement and hence they should be prepared, preserved and practiced during the project life cycle. Stakeholder Document Name Document format Document Due date Project Manager, Project Engineer, Project Architect, Client Requirement Analysis Document Complete requirements from coordination of clients Before initiation of design phase and freezing of requirements and plan Project Manager, Project Engineer, Project Architect Design Document Mapping of requirements to structure design for approval Before starting of construction project, design should be complete Project Manager Government Agencies, Client Legal Document Approved document with law and order Before and during requirement analysis Project Manager, Project Architect, Contractor Construction Manual Technical document specifying intricacies of architectural details and designs At the end of the design phase to initiate construction phase. Project Manager, Project Engineer Interior Manual Design specification for interior engineering and mechanical principles and requirements To be prepared partially before initiation of construction phase and partly during it. Project Manager, Committee, Client Milestones Report A periodic analysis of development cycle and achievable milestones During complete life cycle of project development. Hence, it is widely exemplified that the role of a project manager is really crucial in regard with every communication plan, to monitor and act as a bridge between every other stakeholder and maintaining a good flow of communication via written documents among all the stakeholders in all the phases of project development and construction. Risks associated With adoption of various innovation techniques and best technological practices, there are various risks incurring such as delays due to natural factors, change of government policies, on-site accidents and numerous more. One would be crucial selection of engineers and architects to be appointed for the project, to check their competency for a large scale, multi-million dollar project and to evaluate their experience and skills. This could be done by efficient screening prior to allocation of tasks. An unquestionable lead of the project manager could lead to a greater risk for avoiding potential drawbacks occurring in the development of the system. A collaboration of team and suggestions by all should be welcomed and given regard to come up with a best design in least possible time and budget. Input of some great minds is better than lead of one individual. In case of any appointed committee(Ziegler, 1973), members should be able to guide the practices and not just hold a political v iew. Other construction, technical or performance risks were involved with introduction of new technologies and use of computer aided mechanisms with less competency of workers. # Risk Area Likelihood Risk Owner Project Impact-Mitigation Plan 1 Site accidents during construction leading to loss of life or curbing the development High The responsibility of risks lies over the Project Architect who is planning and controlling the tasks and over contractor handling the construction job Site accidents can be controlled by careful monitoring of the plan and careful implementation of activities. 2 Inexperienced personnel either in team, committee or governing body. Medium This is the task of project manager to appoint personnel based over experience in large scale real life projects Complete and careful screening of contenders and having an insight into their working background. 3 Incompetency of committee selected Medium Government who appointed the committee members Technically aware group to provide valuable suggestions 4 Introduction of new technologies Medium Project manager and other heads adopting new technologies with untrained personnel Training of the employees with use of computers to calculate mechanical aspects The final plan Hence, it is suggested to have a final plan with lead of a project manager, specifying all the critical details prior to design phase and with humble coordination of appointed legal committees and government. So, rebuilding of Opera House could be successful with blend of innovation and spices of management. APPENDIX Stakeholders It is really important to have an insight of who is important and what counts for the development of any architectural project. Stakeholders can pose both as an opportunity or as a potential threat. Position Internal/ External Role PROJECT MANAGER INTERNAL To have a control over each department and analyze monitor all the elements of project LEAD ARCHITECT INTERNAL To develop project plan well completed in requirement phase to incur a list of complete architect and techniques used with potential technologies required. LEAD ENIGINEERING INTERNAL To have a deep analysis of structural engineering and to incorporate key ideas of every field of engineering and to develop plans. CONTRACTORS OR SUB-CONTRACTORS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL To take up contracts handling physics of system, mechanics of the project and other essential requirements. LEGAL COMMITTEES(Should be technically aware and skilled) EXTERNAL To monitor the tasks and have a check about deadline and costs. GOVERNEMNT AGENCIES EXTERNAL To go hand in hand with legal constructs and to give permissions and a threshold for freedom for architectural plans. CUSTOMER OR CLIENT( state of new South Wales) EXTERNAL To approve and mention all the requirements prior to design and to cooperate in project development. CONSULTING FIRMS EXTERNAL To handle technologies required like computer based 3D site positioning machine or geothermal pumps etc. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS EXTERNAL To build required designs in the allotted budget and within the time line of deadlines. KEY STAKEHOLDERS This table gives relevant skills and roles taken up by each stakeholder. Project Manager Project Engineer Project Architect Committees Government Agencies Organization SOH SOH SOH SOH SOH, NSW Role in Project Leader, Mentor, Controller Key issues regarding engineering aspects Key issues for design and modeling Monitor and check the ongoing process Legalize and politicize the proceedings Unique Features Competent Leadership, Visionary Knowledgeable, Skilled, Competent, Technological Skilled, Efficient Cooperative, Skilled, Technical Legal, Cooperative, Less intrusive Level of Interest Major Major Major High Medium Level of Influence Major High High Medium Medium Suggestions on managing relationship Efficient to collaborate everything under one umbrella Skilled and technically aware to manage key tasks or outsource new technology Skilled and aware of best suited design techniques and control over construction workers Should completely justify any suggestions and be flexible to accept any decisions suited for the project Should not interfere more than required and pre-decide the required threshold of freedom.