Live Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Live Art - Essay Example Modern performance art dwells on current political topics and tries to illustrate them employment various techniques. In this essay I will attempt to focus my attention primarily of the visual arts and how they passed through an evolutional process in the 20th century. Although I partially agree with the statement that Goldberg (2001) makes that performance art is a medium with endless variables, almost no barrier, crossing all known taboos, and eventually borders with anarchism, I will try to pose the contra-argument that those alternations are caused by the fast-revolving global cultural, political and social life and consequently is a process which barely faces intentional directions. The term "performance art" was first used in the 1960's in the United States. Originally, the term referred to any live artistic event which engaged musicians, poets, film makers and so on (Goldberg, 2001). However, there were earlier forms of visual arts, for example the live performances of the Dadaists which was a combination of poetry and visual arts. Another example that Goldberg (2001) cites are the German Bauhaus, who established a theater workshop in order to examine the bonds between sound, space and light. Although, there were various other art performances the term hadn't been coined until the 1960s. By the 1970's the performance art idea spread as a worldwide acknowledged word which with the time began to be treated as a commodity - traded, advertised and sold (Goldberg, 2001). Consequently, the performance artists instilled in their art the direct contact with their audience through the public forum. This evolution of the performance art, eliminated the requirement to f or galleries, agents and brokers to act as mediators between the artists and their audience. On one hand, this opened the art to the general public and aided the artists to maintain a more real contact with their admirers, on the other this process destroyed all aspects of the capitalism and gaining profits from the artists. The main characteristics of the performance art are that: It is in live; There are no specific rules or guidelines, the art is experimental and if the artist says it is art, then it is; It is not for sale, though there might be admission tickets or included film right; It may contain painting or sculpture, music, dance, opera, film footage, poetry, dialogue, live animals, fire and everything that crosses one's mind; It is a legitimate artistic movement and there are many institutions where it is taught as a degree course; It is amusing, shocking, terrifying, entertaining and memorable. The most memorable and affirmative definition that I found about visual art is, is given by Goodman (1982). The comments: "What we know through art is felt in our bones and nerves and muscles as well as grasped by our minds . . . all the sensitivity and responsiveness of the organism participates in the invention and interpretation of symbols (pp.198 - 199)." That is true about performance art is that it is influential, because it reaches everyone, because they can perceive it with their senses and react to the feelings that the art evokes in them. Goodman (1982) a philosopher most of all, notably remarks that visual art is riddled with "philosophic faults and aesthetic absurdities (p. 191)." We can refer the aesthetic absurdities to the quote that Goldberg (2001) stating that art in the 20th century resembles anarchy. If analyzed from a artistic point of view anarchy means performances combined

Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Anthropology Essay Anthropology is the study of humans and society and cultures within that society. It studies how we as people evolve and change based on different locations in the world and different ways in which we are raised. Culture is learned through childhood and growing up watching how things are done and learning what actions are deemed acceptable. So when you are an anthropologist and step back to look at different societies, you are able to see difference between the same human in rituals, work, and the basic things they do to survive. Anthropologist look at different historical actions and the present day lives of citizens in culture to understand differences between themselves and the culture and society they are studying and may even take part in. Anthropology raises some issues within one culture while studying other cultures normal way of life. In order to understand what you are seeing and studying, you must actually watch or take part in other cultures and see what and especially why they do certain things. This can bring up questions of ethics. When people go to other places to study and learn other’s culture you must try to leave your culture and way of life behind. Anthropologists are not around to spread what they deem the best culture but to learn and understand what other cultures do and why they do those certain things. In the past, Anthropology was studying people far away from you with different types of lives and cultures. Recently, however anthropology has become the study of cultures you may actually take part in. Learning and improving upon yourself and your way of life. Anthropologists also study of all different things from the way culture is passed on, survives through the generations, and how people use culture in different societies to solve unexplainable events, disease, and way to act in a culture.

What Makes Them Tic? :: essays papers

What Makes Them Tic? Tourette's syndrome is a neurological disorder, which involves involuntary body movements or Tics. There are two types of Tics, motor/physical and vocal. This paper will cover many aspects of Tourette's syndrome; including the history of the disease, the discovered of the disease, the genetics involved with the disorder, the diagnosis of the disease, and the effects of the disease on families. George Gils de la Tourette's a French doctor and biologist discovered Tourette's syndrome in 1885 (Landau 21). He was observing patients with unexplained repetitive movements and could not find any preexisting condition that would cause these symptoms. After extensive research he concluded that this disorder had not been documented before, so he named it Tourette's syndrome, after himself. Tourette’s syndrome is a neurological disorder; it is inherited from a parent’s dominant gene, causing different symptoms among different family members. It is not known on which chromosome the disease is located. There is a 50% chance that one will pass this trait on to his/her offspring with each pregnancy (Shimberg 64). There is no prenatal testing that can be done before a child is born to determine if the child has the disease. Unlike other genetic disorders or disease Tourette's is not in the blood. Therefore testing will not give any indication of whether or not a child will develop Tourette's. Cases of the disease show males are burden with the disease three to four times more often then females. There is a 15% chance that the disorder will evolve during childhood. Both motor and vocal tics become less frequent with age but unfortunately will never disappear. The U.S. Medical Survey estimates that 100,000 people have full blown Tourette's syndrome, and there ar e up to 300,0000 have minor undiagnosed cases. Tourette's Syndrome causes an individual to lose control of body movement resulting in repetitive actions and verbalizations. These involuntary movements are called tics. There are two kinds of tics, motor/physical and vocal. Motor tics can be simple or complex in appearance. Simple motor tics are abrupt, sudden, and brief movements, occurring in a single or isolated manner. Examples of simple motor tics include eye blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging and facial grimacing. Complex tics are distinct, coordinated patterns of sequential movements. Examples of complex tics include such acts as touching the nose, touching other people, smelling objects, jumping, copropraxia (obscene gestures), and echopraxia (mimicking movements preformed by others), head shaking associated with shoulder shrugging, and repetitive kicking of the legs (Shimber 25).

Food Debate reaction paper Essay

Our development of cheap, widespread food is essential to human sustainability. This may be true, but regardless of the facts i disagree with this . I believe a corn based food supply is environmentally destructive. To start off, growing too much corn is bad for the environment . It requires more nitrogen fertilizer than any other crop, and also requires pesticides . These substances are polluting the environment . Also, a corn based food supply is unhealthy. It is known to cause the disease â€Å"E. Coli†. Corn is also very high in salt and carbs, which is also unhealthy for us. A more diversified agrigulture would be a lot more healthier. It would also be a lot more secure in the means that rather than depending on one crop for such an important task, we could use a variety of healthier crops to supply efficiently. A variety of crops would also be more secure than a simply corn based food supply because if that single crop is effected or something goes wrong, it interferes with our entire food supply. On the other hand, if there are multiple sources that we use, if one crop is damaged we have other sources we can turn to. A development of a cheap, widespread food supply may seem like a good idea. It is cheap and easy to sustain, but it is still very unhealthy. The corn based food supply is unhealthy not only for the environment but also for humans. Corn and the chemicals used during the process to create other corn based foods, can cause diseases. It also has a lot of salt and carbohydrates, which are also bad for us. The growing of mass amounts of corn, requires mass amounts of pesticides. This chemical pollutes the environment. The price of a corn based food supply may be less pricey to produce, but the price you may eventually pay will be severe. A corn based food supply is a bad idea due to its unhealthy value towards humans and the environment.

Dna Synopsis

DNA, RNA, PROTEINS STARTS WITH ? Name _______________________________ 1. DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell so it can be read is called _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ . 2. The group of 3 nitrogen bases in the mRNA message that is read together is called a _C_ __ __ __ __. 3. In dividing cells, the DNA is scrunched into _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ so it can be moved. 4. The mRNA message tells the ribosomes which _A_ __ __ __ __ _A_ __ __ __ to put in next when it makes a _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __. 5. Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil are all _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _B_ __ __ __ __. . Chromosomes are made when DNA wraps around _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ to make bead-like structures called _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 7. M_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ RNA is copied from DNA in the _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __, edited, and transferred to _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ in the cytoplasm to be translated into a protein 8. The process of making a DNA copy is cal led _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 9. _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ _A_ __ __ __ __ (like DNA and RNA) are made by joining _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ subunits together in a chain. 10. T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ RNA has an _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ region that matches the codon on an m-RNA message. 11. The process of making an RNA message from DNA is called _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and it happens in the _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __. 12. _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ RNA is made by the _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and joins with _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ to make ribosomes. 13. Another name for protein synthesis is _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 14. _R_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ molecules attach to the _O_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ to turn off the lac operon when _L_ __ __ __ __ __ __ is NOT present. 5. _H_ __ __ genes are found in EUKARYOTIC cells and control growth and differentiation in developing embryos. 16. _S_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are chromosomal mutations in whic h one nitrogen base replaces another in the gene code. 17. _F_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ mutations that happen at the beginning of the code are more harmful than those at the end because they change more of the message. 18. Small pieces of code called _I_ __ __ __ __ __ __ are cut out of the RNA message before it is read; while _E_ __ __ __ __ stay in the message and are expressed. 9. 3n or 4n plants with _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are bigger and stronger, but humans with this condition don’t survive. 20. _T_ __ __ __ boxes help position the _R_ __ __ _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ enzyme. 21. _U_ __ __ __ __ __ is the nitrogen base NOT found in _D_ __ __ and _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ is the nitrogen base NOT found in _R_ __ __. 22. Nitrogen bases made with _O_ __ __ ring are called _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and nitrogen bases made with _T_ __ __ rings are called _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __. 23.In prokaryotic cells, a group of genes that work together is called an _O_ __ _ _ __ __ __. 24. James _W_ __ __ __ __ __ and Francis _C_ __ __ __ __ are the scientists who used Rosalind _F_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __’s X-ray images to figure out that DNA is shaped like a â€Å"twisted ladder† with _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and _S_ __ __ __ __ __ forming the sides of the ladder, _N_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ bases forming the rungs, and _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ bonds acting as â€Å"glue† to hold the two sides together. (OVER) 25. I_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are mutations in which a piece of code breaks, flips, and reattaches backwards; while _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ move a piece of DNA to another non-homologous chromosome. 26. In _G_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __’s mice-pneumonia experiment, lethal bacteria passed genetic material to harmless bacteria in a process called _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 27. According to _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __‘s rules when making DNA, _A_ __ __ __ __ __ __ always bonds with _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ and _C_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ always bonds with _G_ __ __ __ __ __ __. 8. Viruses that infect bacteria (like the one used in _H_ __ __ __ __ __ __- _C_ __ __ __ __ ‘s blender experiment which proved DNA was the genetic material) are called _B_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __. 29. _T_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ are sequences of DNA that can jump from one location to another and are thought to be involved in increasing mutations in cells; they are sometimes called â€Å"_J_ __ __ __ __ __† genes. 30. A DNA molecule is said to be _A_ __ __ __- _P_ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ because the two complementary strands run in opposite directions.

The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Essays

The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Essays The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Paper The Choice between A Pro-Life and A Pro-Choice Paper Abortion has long been a controversial topic. Many Americans feel strongly about this subject because it involves such important issues as life and death, ones religious beliefs, the health of women and who controls women’s bodies. Can anything new be said about abortion? After more than a quarter of a century of an insane consideration one might think not. But there is at least one point of view that is hardly ever heard the screams of â€Å"Murder! † and â€Å"keep your prayers off my ovaries! † It deserves a full and reasoned explanation, but it might even give off some light on the controversies about the truth of Dr.  Henry Foster as Surgeon General and about disturbances of abortion clinics. It is that abortion is excusable only in extreme cases, however the state must respect the right to get and perform abortions. In other words, it is possible to be both a pro-life and a pro-choice. PRO-LIFE AND PRO-CHOICE: As many people of both sexes instinctively recognize, abortion has to be looked at as a question not of law, but of right and moral conduct. Begin then with the position, common to most religions and many naturalistic systems of morality, of respect for life-all life, but especially human. It seems impossible to deny that the developing fetus is a possible human being. The fetus from the very beginning is provided with all the genetic information that will enable its development into a full human person. Which is to say never. An abortion is not exactly a murder and in most legal codes and systems of morality there is such a thing as excusable homicide. It might be helpful to look at the case from a perspective other than the Orthodox Christian one. Any act that increases the total of human suffering is immoral, and any act that reduces suffering is moral. Some births that result from rape or threaten the mother’s life could increase suffering, and the abortions that prevent them are sadly excusable. But those are the easy cases. What of the pregnant 16-year-old, seduced and abandoned by an older man who refuses to take responsibility, disowned by her parents, with no prospects for anything but a life of poverty and welfare dependency? Does the suffering she and the child would undergo if it was born outweigh the horror of sniffing out a possible human personality? It is a close call and exactly the kind of tortured moral judgment that the government has no business making. A non-totalitarian state must leave such judgments to its citizens to make for themselves, according to their individual ideas of religion and justice. Murders meet both conditions; it is sentenced by nearly every known system of morality, and civilized life would be impossible in a community that allowed citizens to kill one another without punishment. Prohibition might perhaps be excused on public safety grounds, given the fights, violence and fatal accidents resulting largely from alcohol abuse. But it fails unmistakably because too many citizens refuse to regard the drinking of alcohol as immoral to make its prohibition excusable or enforceable. Sometimes an unwanted pregnancy can interrupt a woman’s life. Having children can interrupt women’s life. Having children can effect the women mentally and emotionally because raising children is not so easy to do. A mother has to be there every time, every second of her life for her baby to take care and to help get through his/her lifetime experience. That is why some women think that their pregnancy can interfere with their education. employment and their health. The Pro-life believer’s believe that an unwanted child is more than likely to live a bad life and to have nobody to depend on when they are growing up and going through a bad time in their life. They also believe that an unwanted child can become a major criminal and might also suffer abuse. But some Pro-choice believers believe that women who want to abort her baby should instead give her baby up for an adoption. They feel that some women who cannot have children can have a child from another women who was about to abort her child. When does a fetus become a baby? What happens when the choice is between the life of a mother and the life of the unborn? Is an embryo or a fetus the same as a person? Does it enjoy full moral rights, the same to those of a seven-year-old of a seventeen-year-old pregnant woman? You either believe that is so or you don’t. But women who carry their fetus do no keep it hidden, like keeping something in trunk of the car for nine months and then remembering it. So, in order to complete the picture, the Pro-choice believers described the women as cold, selfish, silly baby-haters, who are the enemies. Calling women murderers does the job easy because it is the most common abuse that is used against women outside the abortion clinics. Partial abortion is the final point of an abortion division because it involves the killing of the child during birth. There are a number of different methods for performing partial-birth abortions. Ohio described one method in detail abortionist Dr. Martin Hasdell. He said that this method would involve the controlment of a living baby in the womb with an instrument. Delivering all of the baby feet-first except for the head, making a small hole in the baby’s skull and then putting a suction tube into the babies skull in order for the brain and the skull to collapse. Then finishing the delivery of a dead baby. The described method is commonly used at or on the twentieth week of pregnancy. MYTH AND FACTS ABOUT ABORTION At the time the Constitution was accepted, abortion was commonly performed. Abortion was something the founding fathers would have been aware of, and by reasoning statement, they would not have remained silent about it if they had intended for the government to involve itself in the private lives of its citizens. During this time in history, all surgical procedures, including abortion, were extremely risky. Hospitals were not common; antiseptics were unknown, and even the most respected doctors had only natural medical education’s. Without the technology that we take for granted today, maternal and infant death rates during childbirth were extremely high. The dangers from abortion were similar to the dangers from other surgeries that were not outlawed. Today, their understanding of the consequences of unsafe abortion influences pro-choice advocates who fight for continued access to safe, legal abortion for all women often. We know from history that whenever abortion has been illegal, women have still attempted and succeeded in ending unwanted pregnancies. Unfortunately, they have often suffered serious health problems or died in the process. While the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision was an important turning point in protecting women from unsafe abortion, an understanding of pre-Roe v. Wade years is important for making intelligent public policy decisions regarding reproduction health care in the future. In 1973, the Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade decision made abortion legal for the first time in American history. In the 1800’s, abortion was outlawed because it was so dangerous. Abortion was outlawed because it is immoral. During the period when abortion was illegal, abortion was effectively outlawed and the safety of pregnant women was ensured. Partial-birth abortions are only done in extreme cases involving serious baby deformities or threat to the life of the mother. The pro-choice believers argued partial-birth abortions are not common and are only done at or after the twentieth week of pregnancy. A fetus is not capable of feeling the pain due to the need of development. Pro-Life believers showed that a fetus was not enough developed to experience pain from the procedure. MEDICAL ARGUMENT AGAINST ABORTION The medical arguments against abortion are compelling. For example, at the beginning of the pregnancy the embryo is genetically separated from the mother. To say that the developing baby is no different from the mother’s appendix is scientifically inaccurate. A developing embryo is genetically different from the sperm and the egg that created it. Another set of medical arguments against abortion surround the definition of life and death. If one say of decision may have been used to define death, could they also be used to define life? Death used to be defined by the final heartbeat. A stopped heart was a clear sign of death. If the final heartbeat could define death, could the onset of a heartbeat define life? The heart is formed by the 18th day in the womb. If heartbeat were used to define life, then nearly all abortions would be illegal. A conflict to an abortion also can raise the controversial issue of a fetus pain. Does the fetus feel pain during abortion? The evidence seems fairly clear and agreeable. Consider this statement made in a British medical journal: â€Å"Try sticking an infant with a pin and you know hat happens. She opens her mouth to cry and also pulls away. Try sticking an 8-week-old human fetus in the palm of his hand. He opens his mouth and pulls his hand away. A more technical description would add that changes in heart rate and in fetus movement also suggest that intrauterine manipulations are painful to the fetus. † Obviously, other medical decisions may be used. For example, the developing fetus has a special set of fingerprints as well as genetic patterns that make it special. The development of ultrasound has provided us with a â€Å"window to the womb† showing us that a person is growing and developing in the mother’s womb. We can recognize clearly the eyes, the ears, the fingers, the nose and the mouth. Our visual senses tell us this is a baby growing and maturing inside the womb. The point is simple. Medical science leads to a pro-life point of view rather than a pro-choice point of view. Medical arguments provide a strong case against abortion and for life. LEGAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABORTION A second set of arguments would be legal arguments against abortion. The best legal argument against abortion can be seen in the case of Roe v. Wade. It violated standard reasoning. The Supreme Court decided when life begins and then turned around and turned over the laws of 50 different states. The duty of a proof should lie with the life-taker, and the benefit of the doubt should be with the lifesaver. Put in another way: A hunter who hears rustling in the bushes shouldn’t fire until he knows what it is in the bushes. In addition, a Court which doesn’t know when life begins shouldn’t declare-open season on the unborn. The duty of a proof in a law is on the prosecution. The advantage of uncertainty is with the defense. This is also known as taking something for granted of the harmless. The Supreme Court clearly stated that it does not know when life begins and then it braked a promise of the very spirit of this legal principle by acting as if just proved that no life existed in the womb. Just as there are solid medical arguments against abortion, so also there are legal arguments against abortion. Roe vs. Wade was a bad decision that needs to be overturned. PHILOSOPHICAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST ABORTION A third set of arguments against abortion would be philosophical arguments. A key philosophical question is where do you draw the line? Put another way, when does a human being become a person? The Roe case arose out of a Texas law that prohibited legal abortion except to save a woman’s life. At that time, many other states had laws similar to the one in Texas. The effect of those laws was that women turned to someone for help in large numbers to illegal abortions that were dangerous because of poorly trained unsanitary conditions. Jane Roe, a 21-yea-old pregnant woman, represented all women who wanted abortions but could not get them legally and safely because of these laws. Henry Wade was the Texas Attorney General defended the law that made abortions illegal. After hearing the case, the Supreme Court ruled that American’s right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy. The Supreme Courts decision of Roe vs. Wade separated personhood from humanity. In other words, the judges argued that a developing fetus was a human but not a person. Since only persons are given the 14th Amendment protection under the Constitution, the Court argued that abortion could be legal at certain times. This left to doctors; parents of even other judges the responsibility of ones judgment of deciding when personhood should be awarded to human beings. Ethicist Paul Ramsey often warned that any arguments for abortion could logically be also used as an argument for the murder of a baby. As if to explain this, Dr. Francis Crick, of DNA specialist, proved that he was less concerned about the ethics of such correct reasoning extensions and offered a more acceptable definition of personhood. He suggested in the British journal Nature that if â€Å"a child were considered to be legally born when two days old, it could be examined to see whether it was an acceptable member of human society. † Obviously this is not only an argument for abortion but it’s an argument for the murder of a baby. Other line-drawers have suggested a cultural decision for personhood. Ashley Montagu, for example, stated, â€Å"a newborn baby is not truly a human until he or she is molded by cultural influences later. † Again, this is more than just an argument for abortion. It is also an argument for the murder of a baby. In conclusion, we can see that there are many good arguments against abortion. Obviously there are a number of medical, legal, and philosophical arguments against abortion. The bible and logic are on the side of the Christian who want’s to stand for the holiness of human life. Despite this lack of difference, we’re always surprised by the murder of a baby. We don’t blink an eye when we’re told that a million and half children were killed by abortion last year; yet whenever we hear of a born baby that was hit killed, drowned or choked, we stare at the newspaper in disbelief, our head swimming with questions. We wonder, â€Å"Why did that woman kill her baby? Was there something in the harsh cries of her child that drove her insane? † In search of answers, we reassured ourselves that although mothers may get tired and irritated with their children, maternal instinct usually kicks in and helps protect the life of the child. Yet some women just seem unable or unwilling to meet with the commonplace responsibilities of motherhood. There are people every year that get an abortion. I do no believe in this kind of thing, but no one has the right to blow up an abortion clinic. In search of my own answers, I’ve come up with a theory. I believe the current atmosphere of acceptance of legalized child murder leads women to conclude that it’s okay to kill their children. By ignoring the death crimes of million’s of innocent children, society tells women who kill that â€Å"No one will care and that one more child’s premature death is meaningless. I also believe that abortion should be illegal because I believe abortion kills a person who should have legal rights. Many people feel very strongly about not letting people get away with having an abortion and some people are either completely for it or just don’t care. Still, if you bomb a clinic someone who might not have anything to do with the clinic could get killed and what did he or she do to you? Nothing, they just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. There were two abortion clinic bombings recently where people were killed because they either work at an abortion clinic or they have made a decision to get an abortion. People who blow these buildings up are more than likely a member of a religious group, connected with them in some way is, and they themselves think abortion is wrong. These are very hypocritical people. They act innocent and then they go and blow a building up and hurt innocent people while the are at it. In conclusion, no one needs to be doing something so wrong, so illegal, as killing people. Abortions are now legal and what some anti-abortion people are doing is not legal. So, seeing how they are doing the not so legal thing, violent protesting abortion should be stopped. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Issues in law and medicine Bopp. Gr. , James; Cook, Curtisr Partial-Birth Abortion: the final frontier of abortion jurisprudence Dilatation and extraction abortion-Law and legislation-United States Summer 1998 Vol. 14 Issue 1, 3 2. Frost-Knappman, Elizabeth Womens Right On Trial: 101 Historic American trials from Anne Huchinson to the Virginial Military Institute Cadets. 1997 New England Publishing Associates, INC. 164-165, 167-169 3. The New Internationalist Hadley, Janet A Moral Question Abortion-Social Aspects July 1, 1998 Issue 303, 20 4. Herda, D. J. Raw vs. Wade: the abortion question 1994, Enslow Publishing, Inc. 36-42, 47-49, 78-80. 5. Noonan G. R. , John T. The Morality of Abortion: legal and historical perspectives 1970, Harvard University Press 134-135, 185-186, 236-237 6. Terkel, Susan Neiburn Abortion: Facing the Issues Raw vs. Wade-Moral and Ethics of Abortion 1998 13-16, 29-32, 38, 121-125, 127-129 7. Tride, Laurence, H. Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes Pro-choice and Pro-life movement 1990 52,115, 228

Hiroshima Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki

Hiroshima Essays - Atomic Bombings Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Hiroshima On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, little boy on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70-80,000 people killed. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on an already overcome Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any

Writer

The Stay at Home Parent/Writer The Stay at Home Parent/Writer The Stay at Home Parent/Writer By Guest Author This is a guest post by Rhonda Franz. If you want to write for Daily Writing Tips check the guidelines here. The great thing about being a writer with young children is the material. There’s emotion (good or bad) in everything from how their first word was â€Å"NO,† to the way they walk when they’ve put their pants on backwards. The difficult thing about writing with young kids at home is that they’re young, and, well, they’re at home. Children in the high-maintenance stages between birth and Kindergarten make for an extremely busy, sometimes overwhelming, season in a mom and dad’s life. In order to manage writing- and the business of writing- from home, it’s important to treat it as the job it is, and expect family members to do the same. Have a Routine Children generally behave best when they know what to expect. If it works in your household to get a little writing done during the day, make sure your children have specific activities to work on, and/or special toys they get to play with only during that time. For toddlers and preschool-aged children, consider letting them use this time to look at books, â€Å"write† with their crayons, markers, or pencils, or, if they have one, work on their own toy laptop computer. Then sit down, get to work, and don’t feel guilty about your children having to entertain themselves for a few minutes; it’s good for them. Novelist Barbara Kingsolver once said that she has always written while her children were in someone else’s care. That’s absolutely the best thing to do, but if you’re a stay-at-home parent with babies or toddlers (or both), and don’t choose daycare, the children are in your care. It’s essential to have a regular time- even if it’s when they’re sleeping- to work when they won’t require constant attention. Get up a couple of hours early, stay up a few hours late: whatever suits you and your family. Certain Time, Same Place Again, this touches on routine. If you plan to write while they’re around, try to do it at a certain time, or certain times, throughout the day. Of course, of course parents have to be flexible and deal with emergencies and crying babies and so on and so forth: ‘tis the life of the home manager. But the more consistent you are in making time for writing, the more it will become a habit, and therefore, just a normal part of your day, and of your child’s day. Sitting in front of a computer looks different than teaching piano lessons or tutoring students in your home. The only visible action is that of your fingers on the keyboard. It can be difficult to get children (and sometimes, spouses) to take you seriously when you’re interacting with computer screen or notebook. Call it your â€Å"writing work,† or â€Å"writing job,† but refer to it as what it is: serious business. It’s up to you to set the tone. If your computer usually sits in an open place, move it to a particular room or area of the house while you write. This way, you set up a distinction between Mommy or Daddy cruising mindlessly around the web and actual work being done. Save the cruising for after the children are in bed. Make Notes Place list paper, sticky notes, tablets, scrap paper, pencils or pens, in desks, the kitchen drawer, under the changing pad, and by your bedside. When an idea strikes during the day, it’s likely you’ll only have mere seconds to jot it down before your toddler heads for the stairs. Get Out of the House There’s always something calling out for attention in a house: laundry, phone messages, unpaid bills, dust. If you are fortunate enough to have someone who can occasionally watch your children, or you can take advantage of a local Mom’s Day Out or community program, consider getting out of the house and going to your local library, bookstore, or coffee house to write. Plant yourself in a corner and relish the fact that someone else gets paid to sweep that floor. Multitasking is Great, But†¦ it isn’t always the most effective way to get something done. Use certain blocks of time to write, and certain blocks of time to do household chores. When you’re at the writing time, do not get distracted by the overloaded trash bin, or the dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. When ideas come to you while working on those tasks, jot down ideas on the nearest piece of paper. Do not get immersed in a household responsibility. Remind yourself that you will see to those jobs during the time you’ve made to work on chores. If you are easily distracted, see the above information about escape. Remember Your Priorities There are days when your children require special attention. This is a good day to shut down the computer, put away your notebook, and concentrate on the reason you’re staying home in the first place. Your writing can always be revised; your children can’t. Rhonda Franz spent seven years teaching other people’s children before taking a leave to raise her own. She learned to keep paper and pens everywhere in her house after using a Crayola marker to write a phrase on a disposable diaper. You can read more about her views on writing in public places at Freelance Writing Gigs. She’s a regular contributor at ParentingSquad.com, and writes on a variety of topics at her own blog, Coffeehouse Mom. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsTry to vs. Try andGrammar Review #1: Particles and Phrasal Verbs

Risk Assessment and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Risk Assessment and Management - Essay Example Evaluation of the risk against strategic categories such as economical, social, environmental stimulations is also achieved in this essay. Risk management is the process of evaluating, mitigating and supervising the potential risk elements connected with the origin of a project. The success of an enterprise depends upon the lower level quantum of risk factors. The higher the risk the higher the loss and an uncertainty will ensue on the future of the project. Therefore risk management has got a virtual application and its style and approach together with strategies will be responsible for the accomplishment of any venture. Recognising the risk management is a multi-disciplinary field. The scientific and systematic skill and knowledge acquired from specialist institutes and associations, and practice and experience to increasingly broad and diverse set of risk factors connected with ventures of all types are required to handle the risk factors involved in a particular enterprise. In other words ability to identify and quantify the risks arising out of an inbuilt environment, with the help of risk analysis systems and tools to the management of risk, are necessary to evaluate and regulate the risk proximity related to a project. Formaldehyde (FA) FA is carcinogenic at the site of contact as a consequence of epithelial cell regenerative proliferation resulting from cytotoxicity and mutation (reviewed by Naya and Nakanishi 2005). In 2004 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that FA is a known human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals (IARC 2004). The carcinogenic effect of FA is caused by prolonged regenerative cell proliferation associated with its cytotoxicity, which increases the number of DNA Risk Assessment and Management 5 replications and thus increases the probability of DNA-protein cross-link (DPX)-initiated replication errors (Liteplo and Meek 2003; Speit et al. 2000). Risk Assessment: Like most other substances formaldehyde is toxic in very high doses. But like Paracelsus said: the dose makes the poison. Formaldehyde is a natural metabolic intermediate and is produced by all living cells. 3 mg/kg of formaldehyde is the natural concentration in the blood of humans and mammals. In some cells of the human body, e.g. in the liver or in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa, concentrations of formaldehyde can reach up to 6-12 mg/kg. Studies show that indoor air levels of formaldehyde in houses and offices are nowadays at a safe level of below 0,1 ppm. Sensory irritation, that is eye and nose irritation, is first observed at levels of 1 ppm and higher. From both human

Early American History - Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Early American History - Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example The three-day bloodbath ended with a massive Confederate assault of Cemetery Ridge by Major General George Edward Pickett on the battle’s last day, July 3, 1863. Known as ‘Pickett’s Charge,’ the reckless action devastated the Confederate forces and caused General Robert E. Lee to offer his resignation. The enormous losses incurred by the Confederates at Gettysburg marked the beginning of the end for the South. The Union army won the battle but also incurred heavy losses causing Commander General George Meade to offer his resignation as well. While Lee was retained as commander of the South, Meade was replaced by an angered President Lincoln who appointed Ulysses S. Grant in Meade’s position. After the battle, the Southern troops limped back home while what remained of the Northern army stayed because of flooding in the area. At Gettysburg, many thousands of decomposing bodies littered the battlefield, many of which were buried in very shallow graves. According to a witness, â€Å"body parts stuck up here and there. Hogs rooted out the bodies and devoured them† (Wills, 1992 p. 21). To alleviate the gruesome situation, a national cemetery was planned so that the dead could be buried properly. The dedication of the cemetery was held before all the thousands of bodies could be buried, but it was hoped that a formal and somber ceremony would serve to change the horrific scene of butchery to a place of honor and one that displayed a more peaceful ambiance.

Cloud Computing and Information Systems in Business Article

Cloud Computing and Information Systems in Business - Article Example Here are some of the models of cloud computing: A public cloud is one based on the standard cloud computing model, in which a service provider makes resources, such as applications and storage, available to the general public over the Internet. Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage model. Community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the benefits of cloud computing are realized. Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. It can also be defined as multiple cloud systems that are connected in a way that allows programs and data to be moved easily from one deployment system to another. Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or externally. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept" 2. Security concerns. Experts claim that their clouds are 100% secure - but it will not be their head on the block when things go awry. Its often stated that cloud computing security is better than most enterprises. Also, how do you decide which data to handle in the cloud and which to keep to internal systems - once decided keeping it secure could well be a full-time task.

Case Study on Toys R US Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study on Toys R US Japan - Essay Example The fate of Toys â€Å"R† US Japan is encompassed by issues such as leadership, understanding cultural diversity and implementing effective communication across varying cultures. Toys â€Å"R† US is a market leader in its industry particularly in the United States. Due to this advantage, its potential to expand can be possible across other economies with varying cultural backgrounds. Toys â€Å"R† US eventually made its way in Europe. Amidst contradiction from the start among local counterparts, Toys â€Å"R† US was able to grow and continue to exist in the marketplace in Europe. Its expansion was not achieved overnight. It was able to experience challenges in times that it attempted to carry its strategic formula that it was able to successfully apply in the US retailing industry. In the US, its understanding about the market with customers who are after of the value they can get was able to inspire its discount formula. This made its fortune in the US retailing industry that it also envisioned to be achievable in other foreign markets. Toys â€Å"R† US evaluated the toy market in Japan and the result was promising. In 1991, Japan had higher spending for toys. In fact, it was the world’s second largest market for toys for that year. The case is pointing it out that the good opportunity for toy market in Japan may be due to small number of children within a family and a higher demand for excellence in the academe. Children in Japan are encouraged to be excellent in the academe and a way to motivate them would be to reward them with toys. Furthermore, parents can afford to provide more toys for their children. A less number of children in a family in Japan proved to be an important factor why parents can eventually provide for their children’s needs for almost everything. ... The company was willing to expand and go global. It started in Europe but eventually moved its way to Asia. If finally tried its chances in Japan and created a market evaluation in there at first. One important assessment it made was the interrelation between Japanese culture and its market. According to Hofstede the American culture emphasizes competition while Japanese culture emphasizes cooperation and harmony (Rainey, 1999). In reality Toys â€Å"R† US having the foundation of an American culture is always aiming to reach its competitive advantage. This is the very reason why it was able to evaluate the Japanese market in great detail. Along the way, it finally saw the importance of understanding precisely the prevailing Japanese retailing industry. Japan culture is known for collectivism while the United States is recognized for its individualism (Rainey, 1999). Toys â€Å"R† US finally was able to understand how the traditional retailing in Japan worked compared w ith the modern retailing strategies in the United States. Marked with certain level of competition and individualism, the Toys â€Å"R† US could hardly enter the Japanese retailing industry which was highly fragmented and ran by long-standing relationships among manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers (Spar, 1999). As stated in the case, Toys â€Å"R† US never took instantly its plunge into Japan’s retailing industry. It was able to familiarize the ongoing market trend in the retailing industry within the Japanese market. Toys â€Å"R† US was able to emphasize the value of understanding how it would market its product offerings and make it fit in the Japanese marketplace. Even though it was marked with full enthusiasm to enter into Japan’s market, Toys â€Å"R† US in the

Cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural studies - Essay Example This experience is diametrically opposite to the experience of the ‘academics’. The pedestrians make use of the spaces that cannot be seen by the visionary. As opposed to the visionary, the pedestrians do not have a single map or a picture of a city, but a series of migrational metaphors which always undergoes alterations. [93]. The author seems to mean that experiencing something is more meaningful than visualizing something. The understanding of the people is managed by speculative and classificatory operations which are always liable to contradictions when they encounter the social extremes. The people who actually walk and live in the city will not agree with the concept of the decaying city. [94] Walking in the city can never be captured objectively by drawing maps because the experience of walking is very much subjective. The writer also speaks about the rhetoric of walking where the walkers unconsciously produce sentences using a series of signifiers that only experience can provide. The signifiers used by planners will be taken over by these walkers. Traveling can replace the lost legends, which once offered a series of ‘habitual spaces’. Walking is compared to a story that violates traditional notions and extends to the reality of human experience. Edward Said begins the essay by referring to a French Journalist’s comment about East as â€Å"the Orient† (P.1), which purports three independent things: First, an academic discipline; then, the â€Å"ontological and epistemological distinction† between occidental Vs. oriental; and finally, a historically defined phenomenon, where orientalism is a device of dominance (P.2). He further dwells on the Franco-British as well as American involvement in developing the concept of orientalism. Said thinks that both oriental and occidental are not real but fictitious creations, and are interdependent. He examines this interdependency in three

Case Study on Toys R US Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study on Toys R US Japan - Essay Example The fate of Toys â€Å"R† US Japan is encompassed by issues such as leadership, understanding cultural diversity and implementing effective communication across varying cultures. Toys â€Å"R† US is a market leader in its industry particularly in the United States. Due to this advantage, its potential to expand can be possible across other economies with varying cultural backgrounds. Toys â€Å"R† US eventually made its way in Europe. Amidst contradiction from the start among local counterparts, Toys â€Å"R† US was able to grow and continue to exist in the marketplace in Europe. Its expansion was not achieved overnight. It was able to experience challenges in times that it attempted to carry its strategic formula that it was able to successfully apply in the US retailing industry. In the US, its understanding about the market with customers who are after of the value they can get was able to inspire its discount formula. This made its fortune in the US retailing industry that it also envisioned to be achievable in other foreign markets. Toys â€Å"R† US evaluated the toy market in Japan and the result was promising. In 1991, Japan had higher spending for toys. In fact, it was the world’s second largest market for toys for that year. The case is pointing it out that the good opportunity for toy market in Japan may be due to small number of children within a family and a higher demand for excellence in the academe. Children in Japan are encouraged to be excellent in the academe and a way to motivate them would be to reward them with toys. Furthermore, parents can afford to provide more toys for their children. A less number of children in a family in Japan proved to be an important factor why parents can eventually provide for their children’s needs for almost everything. ... The company was willing to expand and go global. It started in Europe but eventually moved its way to Asia. If finally tried its chances in Japan and created a market evaluation in there at first. One important assessment it made was the interrelation between Japanese culture and its market. According to Hofstede the American culture emphasizes competition while Japanese culture emphasizes cooperation and harmony (Rainey, 1999). In reality Toys â€Å"R† US having the foundation of an American culture is always aiming to reach its competitive advantage. This is the very reason why it was able to evaluate the Japanese market in great detail. Along the way, it finally saw the importance of understanding precisely the prevailing Japanese retailing industry. Japan culture is known for collectivism while the United States is recognized for its individualism (Rainey, 1999). Toys â€Å"R† US finally was able to understand how the traditional retailing in Japan worked compared w ith the modern retailing strategies in the United States. Marked with certain level of competition and individualism, the Toys â€Å"R† US could hardly enter the Japanese retailing industry which was highly fragmented and ran by long-standing relationships among manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers (Spar, 1999). As stated in the case, Toys â€Å"R† US never took instantly its plunge into Japan’s retailing industry. It was able to familiarize the ongoing market trend in the retailing industry within the Japanese market. Toys â€Å"R† US was able to emphasize the value of understanding how it would market its product offerings and make it fit in the Japanese marketplace. Even though it was marked with full enthusiasm to enter into Japan’s market, Toys â€Å"R† US in the

Johnny Lingo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Johnny Lingo - Essay Example Same is the case with Mahana when she is living with her father where her worth is not realized. However it is seen that once a person develops self love he/she can progress and bring a change in this world. And the same happens in the case of Mahana as she is able to become a beautiful lady after she realizes her self worth. Not only this, the story also tells the viewers that every individual can create a difference in another individual’s life and this difference can bring a huge impact on his life. The story tells that Mahana is an ugly lady in her own house because she cannot develop a personality of her own as she is not able to develop self love. She has always been degraded and disgraced in her house by her father and because of this she cannot create an identity of her own. However Johnny Lingo creates this self love for Mahana as he makes her realize that her worth in this world is more than eight cows. And later on it is seen that Mahana turns out to be a lady who i s very beautiful. Thus in conclusion it can be said that the personality of an individual is developed only because he/she is able to realize his/her importance in the world as was in the case of Mahana. Self love can be described as the love for one’s own self. It can tell the individual how much he is worth in his own eyes and this usually is developed by the surroundings of an individual. Self love is a very important aspect of life as it tends to curb the personality of an individual and have great impact on him. It can make the individual respect or disgrace himself and thus can lead to either successes or failures in life. In order to create self love for an individual I personally can help him in several ways. The foremost way of growing self love in my eyes is to make the person realize his worth. I can do this by telling him that he/she is the most wonderful person I have ever met in this world. Moreover by

Health and Safety Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety Essay Explain how health and safety is monitored and maintained and how people in the work setting are made aware of risks and hazards and encouraged to work safely. In my placement we have a safeguarding policy but we don’t have a health and safety polices that I am aware of but the safeguarding polices is available on the schools website. Anyone is able to get on to the website and their policies. We have a sigh by the sink in the staff room say warning hot water and we have a sigh in the classrooms letting children and staff knows that the water in the tabs is drinking water we also have fire safety sign around the school. They always have meeting every month on health and safety but it is only for the main teachers. We have a fire drill twice a year so all the children and staff know where to go in case of a fire they had a fire drill last week which was good cause I did not know where to go if a fire happens so it help me cause now I know where to go if a fire happens. We always tell the children not talk to strangers and when the children are going home they are not allowed to leave an till the adults tell them that they can go cause we need to make sure that the right people are picking the children up and that they are not going off with strangers or with someone they are not meant to go home with.

Four Phases of the Business Cycle

Four Phases of the Business Cycle ECONOMICS Q 1 Define the term Business Cycle and also explain the phases of business or trade cycle in brief? Ans: The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movements in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real GDP and other macroeconomic variables.Diagram of Business Cycle (or Trade Cycle) :- The business cycle starts from a trough (lower point) and passes through a recovery phase followed by a period of expansion (upper turning point) and prosperity. After the peak point is reached there is a declining phase of recession followed by a depression. Again the business cycle continues similarly with ups and downs. Explanation of Four Phases of Business Cycle 1. Prosperity Phase : Expansion or Boom or Upswing of economy.When there is an expansion of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is also a rise in the standard of living. This period is termed as Prosperity phase.The features of prosperity are :- High level of output and trade, High level of effective demand, High level of income and employment, Rising interest rates, Inflation, Large expansion of bank credit, Overall business optimism. 2. Recession Phase: from prosperity to recession (upper turning point). The turning point from prosperity to depression is termed as Recession Phase. During a recession period, the economic activities slow down. When demand starts falling, the overproduction and future investment plans are also given up. There is a steady decline in the output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen lose confidence and become pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The banks and the people try to get greater liquidity, so credit also contracts. Expansion of business stops, stock market falls. Orders are cancelled and people start losing their jobs. The increase in unemployment causes a sharp decline in income and aggregate demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period. 3. Depression Phase : Contraction or Downswing of economy.When there is a continuous decrease of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is a fall in the standard of living and depression sets in. The features of depression are :- Fall in volume of output and trade, Fall in income and rise in unemployment,Decline in consumption and demand, Fall in interest rate, Deflation, Contraction of bank credit, Overall business pessimism.In depression, there is under-utilization of resources and fall in GNP (Gross National Product). The aggregate economic activity is at the lowest, causing a decline in prices and profits until the economy reaches its Trough (low point). 4. Recovery Phase : from depression to prosperity (lower turning Point). The turning point from depression to expansion is termed as Recovery or Revival Phase.During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic activities. When demand starts rising, production increases and this causes an increase in investment. There is a steady rise in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen gain confidence and become optimistic (Positive). This increases investments. The stimulation of investment brings about the revival or recovery of the economy.Thus we see that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is inflation and during the contraction or depression phase, there is a deflation. Q2. Monopoly is the situation there exists a single control over the market producing a commodity having no substitutes with no possibilities for anyone to enter the industry to compete. In that situation, they will not charge a uniform price for all the customers in the market and also the pricing policy followed in that situation? Ans: A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market. In a monopoly market, the seller faces no competition, as he is the sole seller of goods with no close substitute.In a monopoly market, factors like government license, ownership of resources, copyright and patent and high starting cost make an entity a single seller of goods. All these factors restrict the entry of other sellers in the market. Monopolies also possess some information that is not known to other sellers. Characteristics of monopoly: Only one single seller in the market, There is no competition, There are many buyers in the market, The firm enjoys abnormal profits, The seller controls the prices in that particular product or service and is the price maker, Consumers don’t have perfect information, There are barriers to entry. These barriers many be natural or artificial, The product does not have close substitutes. Advantages of monopoly Monopoly avoids duplication and hence wastage of resources. Due to the fact that monopolies make lot of profits, it can be used for research and development and to maintain their status as a monopoly. Monopolies may use price discrimination which benefits the economically weaker sections of the society. Monopolies can afford to invest in latest technology and machinery in order to be efficient and to avoid competition. Disadvantages of monopoly Poor level of service, No consumer sovereignty, Consumers may be charged high prices for low quality of goods and services, Lack of competition may lead to low quality and out dated goods and services. Price Discrimination : It is the ability to charge different prices to different individual. Need for price discrimination: increase output and profit. Buying pattern of individuals will be different. Increase the economic welfare. Eg: Air tickets, movie tickets , discount coupons etc. multiple types of price discrimination: First-degree price discrimination is an attempt by the seller to leave the price unannounced in advance and charge each customer the highest price they would be willing to pay for the purchase. A business may benefit by offering different prices to those who purchase in larger volumes because either they can increase their profit with the increased volume sales or their costs per unit decrease when items are purchased in volume. Businesses can create alternative pricing methods that distinguish high-volume buyers from low-volume buyers. This is second-degree price discrimination. Third-degree price discrimination is differential pricing to different groups of customers. One justification for this practice is that producing goods and services for sale to one identifiable group of customers is less than the cost of sales to another group of customers. For example, a publisher of music or books may be able to sell a music album or a book in electronic form for less cost than a physical form like a compact disc or printed text. Q3 Fiscal policy is a package of economic measures of the government regarding public expenditure, public revenue, public debt or borrowings. It is very important since it refers to the budgetary policy of the government. Explain the fiscal policy and its instruments in detail? Ans: Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nations economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nations money supply. instruments of Fiscal Policy are Automatic Stabilizer and Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Automatic Stabilizer: The tax structure and expenditure are programmed in such a way that there is increase in expenditure and decrease in tax in recession and decrease in expenditure and increase in tax revenue in the period of inflation. It refers to built-in response to the economic condition without any deliberate action on the part of government. It is called built- in- stabilizer to correct and thus restore economic stability. It works in the following manner, Tax revenue: Tax revenue increases when the income increases; as those who were not paying tax go into the higher income tax bracket. When there is depression, the income decreases and many people fall in the no-income-tax bracket and the tax revenue decreases. ii) Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Under this, to stabilize the economy, deliberate attempts are made by the government in taxation and expenditure. It entails definite and conscious actions. Instruments of Fiscal Policy: Some important instruments of fiscal policy are: 1.TAXATION: Taxation is always a very important source of revenue for both developed and developing countries. Tax comes under two headingu2013Tax on individual(direct tax) and tax on commodity (indirect tax or commodity tax). a) Direct tax includes income tax, corporate tax, taxes on property and wealth. Indirect tax is tax on the consumptions. It includes sales tax, excise duty and custom duties. Direct tax structure can be divided into three bases- Progressive tax: Progressive tax says that higher the level of income, greater the volume of tax burden you have to bear. This means as income increases, the tax contribution should also increase. Low income group people pay low tax, whereas the high income group people pay higher tax. 2 Regressive tax: It is theoretically possible, though no government implements such tax structure, because that leads to unequal distribution of income. As your income increases the contribution through tax decreases. Low income people will pay more and high income people will pay less. Proportional tax: When the tax imposed is irrespective of the income you earn, every income group, high or low pay the same amount of tax. b) Indirect Tax Or consumpyion tax: tax which is iimposed on every unit of product . Q4 Explain the various methods of forecasting demand? Ans : Economic forecasting is the process of making predictions about the economy. Forecasts can be carried out at a high level of aggregation—for example for GDP, inflation, unemployment or the fiscal deficit—or at a more disaggregated level, for specific sectors of the economy or even specific firms. Methods of forecasting demand: Assumptions For many goods, the length of the product cycle is shrinking. Not only does this make it more difficult to build a historical database, it accentuates the need to forecast correctly. Computer technology makes it possible to adjust pricing instantly and to modify sales promotions on the run. Without accurate historical information to measure the impact of price changes, the business owner may be forced to experiment. Sales performance of other goods with similar product attributes may serve as proxies for a current product with no track record. Trend Analysis If you have historical data or if you can create it from related products trend analysis is the first step in demand forecasting. Plotting sales over time will reveal the presence of a sales trend if one exists. If there are aberrations â€Å"hiccups† in the trend you can look for explanations, which could include price, weather or demographic changes. If you are proficient with spreadsheet programs, you can chart data points and insert a trend line over the data. A more sophisticated approach is using least squares regression analysis which can also be done with standard spreadsheet software. Qualitative Forecasting A more subjective approach uses expert opinions to predict demand. Especially useful when there is a lack of historical data, relying on the collective opinion of experts makes sense. Begin with an analysis of the marketplace, reviewing the economic conditions. Obtain as much information about competitors’ performance as you can. Then gather opinions from a variety of sources within your business. Include the owner, sales manager, accountant, attorney and any others whose opinion you value. If you wish, you can get outside opinions as well. Qualitative forecasting is based on the consensus view of your panel as you digest and aggregate their opinions. Forecasting with Economic Indicators Depending on the products you sell and the customers who buy them, basing your demand forecast on one or more economic indicators may be an effective method. This style of demand forecasting works better with industrial buyers rather than retail. First, find the indicators that relate to your business. For example, small businesses in construction-related work can look to housing starts, building permits, loan applications and interest rates for solid indicators of the future. Businesses in agriculture can find clues to the future from farm income, interest rates and weather forecasts. The Departments of Commerce and Agriculture release statistics on an ongoing basis. Agricultural Extension Services and other state agencies provide complementary data Q5 Define monopolistic competition and explain its characteristics? Ans: Monopolistic Competition: A market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products. Each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the market place as a whole. Monopolistically competitive markets exhibit the following characteristics: Each firm makes independent decisions about price and output, based on its product, its market, and its costs of production. Knowledge is widely spread between participants, but it is unlikely to be perfect. For example, diners can review all the menus available from restaurants in a town, before they make their choice. Once inside the restaurant, they can view the menu again, before ordering. However, they cannot fully appreciate the restaurant or the meal until after they have dined. The entrepreneur has a more significant role than in firms that are perfectly competitive because of the increased risks associated with decision making. There is freedom to enter or leave the market, as there are no major barriers to entry or exit. A central feature of monopolistic competition is that products are differentiated. There are four main types of differentiation: Physical product differentiation, where firms use size, design, colour, shape, performance, and features to make their products different. For example, consumer electronics can easily be physically differentiated. Marketing differentiation, where firms try to differentiate their product by distinctive packaging and other promotional techniques. For example, breakfast cereals can easily be differentiated through packaging. Human capital differentiation, where the firm creates differences through the skill of its employees, the level of training received, distinctive uniforms, and so on. Differentiation through distribution, including distribution via mail order or through internet shopping, such as Amazon.com, which differentiates itself from traditional bookstores by selling online. Firms are price makers and are faced with a downward sloping demand curve. Because each firm makes a unique product, it can charge a higher or lower price than its rivals. The firm can set its own price and does not have to ‘take it from the industry as a whole, though the industry price may be a guideline, or becomes a constraint. This also means that the demand curve will slope downwards. Firms operating under monopolistic competition usually have to engage in advertising. Firms are often in fierce competition with other (local) firms offering a similar product or service, and may need to advertise on a local basis, to let customers know their differences. Common methods of advertising for these firms are through local press and radio, local cinema, posters, leaflets and special promotions. Monopolistically competitive firms are assumed to beprofit maximisers because firms tend to be small with entrepreneurs actively involved in managing the business. There are usually a large numbers of independent firms competing in the market. Q6 When should a firm in perfectly competitive market shut down its operation? Ans Definition of Perfect Competition A market structure in which the following five criteria are met: 1) All firms sell an identical product; 2) All firms are price takers they cannot control the market price of their product; 3) All firms have a relatively small market share; 4) Buyers have complete information about the product being sold and the prices charged by each firm; and 5) The industry is characterized by freedom of entry and exit. Perfect competition is sometimes referred to as pure competition. The reason for firm shut down in perfect competition A perfectly competitive firm is presumed to shutdown production and produce no output in the short run, if price is less than average variable cost. This is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximization (if price exceeds average total cost) and loss minimization (if price is greater than average variable cost but less than average total cost). A perfectly competitive firm guided by the pursuit of profit is inclined to produce no output if the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost in the short run incurs an economic loss greater than total fixed cost. The key to this loss minimization production decision is a comparison of the loss incurred from producing with the loss incurred from not producing. If price is less than average variable cost, then the firm incurs a smaller loss by not producing that by producing. One of Three Alternatives: Shutting down is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a perfectly competitive firm. All three are displayed in the table to the right. The other two are profit maximization and loss minimization. With profit maximization, price exceeds average total cost at the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost. In this case, the firm generates an economic profit. With loss minimization, price is greater than average variable cost but is less than average total cost at the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost. In this case, the firm incurs a smaller loss by producing some output than by not producing any output.

Hate Speeches -- Rights Equality Papers

Hate Speeches What do the words Cracker, Kike, Nigger, Jap, Chinc, Faggot, Queer, Dike and Spic all have in common? They are all derogatory remarks that humans call one another on a daily basis. Why can people use these terms and not have to worry about receiving any punishment or any ridicule? The reason is because of the First Amendment right of free speech. The first amendment gives people the right to basically say anything that comes to mind whether it is something nice or something like a derogatory remark. The first amendment is good and freedom of speech has its advantages like most things, but however, it also has its disadvantages. The disadvantages are that people can say words that are extremely hurtful to someone and nothing will happen to the one saying it. Most people will have a bigger problem with the people who are the victim, for stating that their rights were being violated. The first amendment rights do have certain restrictions on them as of now, such as yo u are able to say what you so choose as long as it does not infringe on any other persons rights. In my opinion the first amendment right should have restrictions or more restrictions than what it has now. Restrictions that deal with the derogatory remarks in public, many think that this will not work, but with the proper guidelines and cooperation I believe that we as a nation can have derogatory remarks not hurt anyone, or be said in public, where they can be heard by everyone not only the person who is the target of the name calling. Many people have opinions on the subject of free speech. Censorship of free speech is something that the random â€Å"Joe Shmo† can argue against because he feels that he will not be ab... ... against the KKK, they will also be removed and the proper punishment, will be served justice. As one can see, the bill does not and will not discriminate against a certain group or groups that are known for having such views and causing such problems in public. Many people say don’t take there free speech away, because of racial slurs and discrimination, but it not taking it away, they have the right to say it anywhere else, but in public. Some same why not just educate them? The reason for the censorship and not educating them is because people are stubborn when it comes to their beliefs and the way they were raised. People will never learn to deal with racial differences, and by trying to educate them we will be wasting money and time and efforts of the nation and the state governments. Education will not work, but censorship of free speech in public will.

Iron Crowned Chapter 22

No one had to tell me the ways in which that exponentially complicated things. Jasmine's gasp confirmed my many realizations. â€Å"Two placentas,† said Veronica, pausing and typing something one-handed while still keeping hold of the paddle. â€Å"What †¦ what's that mean?† I asked. â€Å"It means they could be identical or fraternal,† said Dr. Sartori. â€Å"One placenta would be identical for sure.† I swallowed. The noise, that wavelike sound †¦ It was drowning me. My heartbeat, another heartbeat, and another still †¦ How was it possible? How could there be so much life in one body? â€Å"Can you still do the test?† I stammered out. Dr. Sartori was holding the needle but made no moves as his eyes flicked back to the monitor. â€Å"I can †¦ but it's not recommended in this situation. With twins, the risks are increased.† â€Å"I don't care,† I said firmly. â€Å"I still want it. I have to know. With my family history †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I prayed he wouldn't demand too many details beyond what Dr. Moore had sent over. He and Veronica discussed a few things, using medical language I couldn't follow. She used the paddle to check every angle, taking measurements on her computer as he occasionally pointed details out. Finally, after another warning against the procedure, he agreed to do it. It hurt as much as you'd expect from a giant needle being stuck into you. His hands were superhumanly steady, as his eyes held firm to the monitor so he could watch the needle's progress. I still couldn't make out much in the images but knew the challenge was to get to the placenta without touching a fetus. Placentas, in this case. They had to get another test kit, using another needle in order to sample from both babies. Babies. I still couldn't believe it. They helped me when they finished the test, loading Jasmine and me up with post-care instructions to reduce both self-injury and the risk of miscarriage. Does it matter? I thought bleakly. A miscarriage would take the decision away from me. It'd be out of my hands. For now, one tiny problem did present itself: getting home. I was sore and didn't feel like driving. In fact, I'd been advised not to. Jasmine helpfully offered to. â€Å"I know for a fact you don't have a license,† I told her. I was leaning against my car, baking in welcome sunshine. â€Å"No, but I can drive. Come on, it's not that far. And you certainly can't. What do you want to do? Call Tim and let him know what's going on?† she challenged. I wanted my mom, I realized. I wanted my mom to come and drive me home – to her home. I wanted her to take care of me and talk to me like she used to. I wanted her to fix all this. I blinked rapidly and turned my head, not wanting Jasmine to see me tear up. â€Å"Fine.† I held out the keys. â€Å"If we get pulled over, the ticket's coming out of your allowance.† To her credit, she drove responsibly, and she was right – it wasn't far. I tilted my seat back slightly, wanting to sleep for the next few days or however long it would take to get back my results. I didn't want to endure the waiting. I couldn't endure the waiting. The car's silence and rhythm nearly took me under until Jasmine spoke. â€Å"So,† she said matter-of-factly. â€Å"If they're boys, you get an abortion. If they're girls †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Then I don't.† I hadn't realized I'd made my decision until that moment. When I'd heard those heartbeats †¦ well, it didn't matter if motherhood and drastic body changes scared the hell out of me. If I had two daughters, daughters unconnected to any prophecy, I would have them. I'd figure parenting out. â€Å"If they're girls, I'll keep them.† She nodded and said nothing more until we were turning down my street. Honestly, I was surprised she waited that long because I'd already known what else she was dying to ask. â€Å"Eugenie?† â€Å"Yes, Jasmine?† â€Å"What are you going to do if one's a boy and one's a girl?† I stared ahead at my house. I suddenly didn't want to sleep just for the next few days. I wanted to sleep for the next nine months. Or seven months. Or whatever. I didn't answer her question. â€Å"I can't have a son,† I said at last. â€Å"You know that. That's all there is to it.†

Management and Employment Relations

The history of management is being traced with difficulties and it is only seen as a modern conceptualization. This difficulty contributes to its ideally possiveness nature. In premodern past context it is traceable back to Sumerian traders and builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Full exploitation and motivation of slaves faced problems. Many pre-industrial enterprises in their small-scale nature were never compelled to face issues of management. With increased scale of commercial operations devoid of mechanized record keeping and recording, management functions were unavailable. Management as an act involves the process of directing and controlling a group of people for purposes of achieving coordination and harmony of the group towards attaining a goal, which is far beyond the scope of individual efforts. Potential human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources are deployed and manipulated through management[1]. The possibility of personifying the act of management also exists whereby the person or a team of persons performing this act is or are referred to as management and has to do with power by its nature and position. Functionally, management entails the art of getting things done through people: action of weighing a quantity on regular basis and adjusting the initial plan and the action taken to reach the overall intended goal. The functions and roles of management therefore entail planning, organizing, leading or motivating and controlling or coordinating all resources in the working place[2]. Management falls under the following categories: human resource management, operations or production management, strategic management, financial management and information technology management.   Human resource management carries the grater weight in employment relations. Its importance is seen in understanding and developing its context concept, to assess and explain its impact on organizational performance and employment well being and to contribute to the dissemination of good practice. The role of management in employment relations can be explained by the context of communication in the work place. Employees must be treated with applicable laws and regulations of the countries and regions in which it operates. Communications between management and employees is essential in conveying management policies to employees and encouraging employees to voice their options[3]. This impacts the active rather than passive agency role of the management being the representative of the employer. These concepts are of vital importance in employment cycle. Employment in this context refers to the contract between two parties one being the employer and the other one the employee. The employee refers to a person in the service of another. Under any contract of hirer express or applied, oral or written where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how the work is to be performed[4]. In a profit oriented setting the aim of the employer is creation of valued produces at reasonable cost, and providing rewarding employment opportunities for employees. In unprofit setting the ultimate goal is to keep faith of the donors. Other areas of employment include the public and household sectors. It is in view of this harmony that the active role of the management should be felt in any working environment. Communication between management as the employers’ representative and employees should show shared responsibilities called co-determinations. There are specific areas of concern and address during the discussion between the two parties they include; pay of wages, bonuses, the work environment, disputes, work schedules, grievances, health and safety, working hours and production targets. The aim of these discussions is an achievement of a more harmonious working relationship sometimes-major employment relations dispute may arise. Whenever problems start to arise in a company a successful management-employment relations involve striking a balance in nearly all situations. The employer has the right to manage that is the ability to plan for the future so that the company can continue moving to make profits and to keep employees motivated. Form the employees’ viewpoint best possible conditions must be secured and good living standards made not a dream. High labour turnover, bad time keeping, high levels of absenteeism, slackness of individuals, poor working, deliberate time working in similar practices are evident in situations where employees are unhappy with the working conditions[5]. Other evidences of discontent will be revealed in complain, friction, ignoring rules and apathy for unappropriate management system to gain the intended meaning must strive to attain the following qualifications: attraction of the most qualified employees and matching them to the jobs for which there are best suited since this is significant for the success of any organization[6]. However, there arises some technical problems in many large enterprises due to their size this aspect of too large size of an enterprise deter possible close contact between top management and employees this connection is otherwise provided for by human resource managers training managers and labour relations managers. In an effort to enhance immorality and productivity while limiting job turnover, helping organization increase performance and improve business results they are of vital help to the organization they also help the firms effectively in using employees skills, provide training and development opportunities, improve those skills and improve employees satisfaction with their jobs and working conditions. Dealing with people through physical interaction is an important part of the job although some jobs in the human resources field require only limited contact between the people outside the office. The importance of management in employment relations on an active capacity is further highlighted through creation of labour unions and its incorporation in the constitution in the name of labour laws. This has been evident in all regions countries and states all over the world for the purpose of improving the quality of working life for individuals and creates condition for business success. Employers, employees and unions must deal with one another in an honest and open atmosphere. This in essence bears results such as follows: promotion of good employment relation and cultivations of mutual respect and confidence between employers, employees and unions. It also sets the environment for individual and collective employment relationships. It also sets out requirements for the negotiation and content of collective and individual employment agreements. It also provides prompt and flexible options for resolving problems in employment relations. There are a number of undiresable trade union action such as withdrawal of good will, go slow, working strictly to the rules set out in work rule books and sticking rigidly to only doing tasks set out clearly in a job description, refusing to work overtime, going on a strike and many others[7]. All this actions reduce companies’ profitability and its ability and fulfill orders, they harm employment prospects, reduce wages of employees they lead to festering discontent and cause problems for customers and economy as a whole. This is a practical scenario in the current working places and it reflects negative picture of interaction in the working places. It is therefore, very important to create a harmonious working environment for the benefit all the concerned. Good practices and models of a harmonious working practice should be exhibited in a true structure of employment relation. In an effort in building trust as a manager it is paramount to display the following characteristics: keeping promises, have ethics, telling people the truth, being fair and honest, treating employees as adults while showing appreciation for their ideas and for the work they do, involve employees in planning and problems solving, give employees important work and support them to implement. In an effort to achieve a successful structure of management – employment relations’ labour or employment laws have been enacted. Labour laws Labors laws also known as employment laws refers elaborately to a body of administrative ruling and prescient which focuses to address the legal rights and restriction on the working people and their organizations and as such it mediates may aspects of the relationships between trade unions, employers and employees. They are in some countries restricted to ununionized work places, as is the case in Canada. But in most other countries no such restrictions is made. Two broad categories of labour laws exist; collective labour law which relates to tripartite relationship between employee employer and union. Individual labour law concerns employees’ rights at work and through the contract for work[8]. Employment laws include all areas of the employer employee relationship except the negotiation process covered by labour law and collective bargaining. It consists thousands of federal and state statues, administration regulation and judicial decision.   Most of these laws such as minimum wage regulation were enacted as protective labour legislation. The functioning and origins of labour laws is oriented towards strikes, pickets, boycotts, unofficial industrial action Labour laws in Australia The federal parliament in Australia is empowered by the constitution to make laws concerning conciliation and arbitration for the settlement and prevention of industrial disputes extending beyond the limit of any one state. The laws made with respect to trading and financial corporations fall within the limits of the commonwealth and foreign corporations. Industrial relations systems and wages setting have been enhanced by this system also known as work choice, which came into operation in 2006[9]. Work choices legislation act in Australia The most comprehensive shakeups of industrial relations since federation were the results of the successful introduction and passing of work choices legislation in Australia in December 2005[10]. The industrial and employment circulars underwent permanent and long-term changes. These changes are explained in the following dimension: federal systems of industrial relations were successful and completely replaced with the unitary system of industrial relations: an emphasis on Australian economy away from the wages and conditions; transitional arrangement and changes to Awards and Agreements; awards were reduced drastically, Australia Fair Pay Commission was set up with the main aim of determination of minimum wages and conditions of employees, the powers of Australian Industrial Relation Commission were greatly reduced to an extent of being rendered redundant, flexible work practices were introduced and the ability to cash out some benefits such as annual leave[11]. The consequences were some problems with work place health and safety application; new dismissal provision which were less straightforward as they may have been trumpeted. New transmission of business rules that is buying and selling business plus all the people incorporated in the business. Union restriction and the scrapping the no disadvantage test. All these changes brought about complexity and consequently bearing some effects on businesses along the following orientations. Small business holders were subjected to the understanding of the broader concepts of employer obligations to the employees applicable to their unique business situation.   The employers take great care before taking a step towards termination of an employee’s service. Great care, advice and consultation became a prerequisite since the work place legislations empowered the employees to claim compensation against unlawful dismissal and discrimination. These laws applied to the especially small business with as less as a hundred employees and therefore constitute the retail in Australia. The workforce legislation in Australia further favoured these minority employees in the retail industry in a sense that the cost of defending discrimination and dismissal claim by the employer is dramatically higher than the unfair dismissal itself. In conclusion; the changing of the awards and agreements provided for by the work choice legislation added a layer of complexity to the businesses which extended upto the end of the transitional face which extended up to five years. An investor intending to buy a business was supposed to be ready for the transmission of business changes and the business owner had to grapple to the new layer of complexity. References Catanzariti, J. & Baragwanath, M. 1997. Workplace Relations Act: A User-friendly Guide. Manly, NSW, Newsletter Information Services. Cranny, C., Smith, P. & Stone, E. 1992. Job Satisfaction. New York: Lexington. Creighton, B. & Stewart, A. 1994. Labour Law – An Introduction. 2nd Ed. Leichhardt, NSW. Federation Press. Guite, T. 1999. Strategic Human Resource Management. 3rd Ed. McMillan Publishers. London. Lee, M. & Sheldon, P. (eds.). 1997. Workplace Relations, Workplace Law & Employment Relations. Sidney. Botterworths. Mullins, L. 2005. Management and Organizational Behaviour. 7th Ed. Harlow. Prentice-Hall. Nilson, C. 2003. How to Manage Training: A Guide to Design and Delivery for High Performance. 3rd Ed. New York. Amacom. Pocock, Barbara & Masterman-Smith, Helen. 2005. Work Choices and Women Workers. Journal of Australian Political Economy No.56. Teicher, J., Lambert, R. & O’Rourke, A. (eds.). 2006. Work Choices: The New Industrial Relations Agenda. Sidney, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. Walter, J. 2006. Strategic Management. Theory: An Integrated Approach. McMillan Publishing Ltd.          [1] Walter, J. 2006. Strategic Management. Theory: An Integrated Approach. McMillan Publishing Ltd. PP.70-73. [2] Nilson, C. 2003. How to Manage Training: A Guide to Design and Delivery for High Performance. 3rd Ed. New York. Amacom. PP.103. [3] Mullins, L. 2005. Management and Organizational Behaviour. 7th Ed. Harlow. Prentice-Hall. PP.51-58. [4] Catanzariti, J. & Baragwanath, M. 1997. Workplace Relations Act: A User-friendly Guide. Manly, NSW, Newsletter Information Services. PP.17. [5] Guite, T. 1999. Strategic Human Resource Management. 3rd Ed. McMillan Publishers. London. PP.41-43. [6] Cranny, C., Smith, P. & Stone, E. 1992. Job Satisfaction. New York: Lexington. PP.31-34. [7] Lee, M. & Sheldon, P. (eds.). 1997. Workplace Relations, Workplace Law & Employment Relations. Sidney. Botterworths. PP.27-37. [8] Creighton, B. & Stewart, A. 1994. Labour Law – An Introduction. 2nd Ed. Leichhardt, NSW. Federation Press. PP.9-16. [9] Teicher, J., Lambert, R. & O’Rourke, A. (e ds.). 2006. Work Choices: The New Industrial Relations Agenda. Sidney, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. PP.103-125. [10] Pocock, Barbara & Masterman-Smith, Helen. 2005. Work Choices and Women Workers. Journal of Australian Political Economy No.56. PP.124-143. [11] Teicher, J., Lambert, R. & O’Rourke, A. (eds.). 2006. Work Choices: The New Industrial Relations Agenda. Sidney, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. PP.103-125.   

African Americans Essay

African Americans have a unique history as well as culture. Their history in the United States is greatly influenced and shaped by the events in the last three centuries. A period that would shape their destiny, their interactions as well as their orientation to most important events in life. The United States census figures put the number of African Americans at over thirty-eight millions in 2005. Of this population, over 55% of them reside in the metropolitan areas with cities like Chicago and New York being the homes to a huge majority of African Americans A close look at the African Americans in relation to the rest of their white counterparts reveals that they are disadvantaged in various aspects. This can only be understood by focusing at the underlying causes of this, key being the century’s discrimination and oppression meted out against the blacks by the successive regimes up to the period that the civil rights movement stepped up its calls for equality and political rights. African Americans had been for long subjected to slavery especially in the southern states. The end of slavery brought forth systemic discrimination where they were treated as second class citizens especially after the introduction of the Jim Crow laws that institutionalized racism. This is what is seen to be the cause behind the impoverished lot amongst the African Americans with 24. 7% of this population living in abject poverty. The group also remains disadvantaged in the education sector, health, housing as well as having the highest crime rates in the United States. Since the enactment of civil rights legislation, the African Americans population has made considerable steps towards improving their economic status largely narrowing the huge discrepancies that exist. This has been marked by the expansion of the African American middle class. Unlike in other ethnic groups like the white; there is parity across the gender amongst the blacks. Income levels in America are tilted to the disfavor of African Americans. This is largely seen as being linked to the inability to access other vital resources such as education and jobs. Speculative figures have it that over three quarter of African Americans aged above the age of 25 have not gone to college and hence do not possess college diplomas. By the turn of the century, over a third of the African American population living in the big cities was without employment compared to their white counterparts; this figure has not changed much (Brandon S, 1984). Life expectancy of the African American group compares unfavorably with that of the whites a fact exacerbated by the lack of medical and proper provision of health facilities. With a significant proportion of African Americans lacking medical care and proper provision of health facilities; with a significant proportion of African American having a low level of income and being unemployed, and with the united states lacking a universal health care system , African Americans are badly placed in terms of health facilities access. They are also at a higher risk of succumbing to chronic diseases as well as pandemics such as HIV aids. Statistics have it that of all people diagnosed with HIV/AIDS between 2001 and 2005, over half of them were African Americans. Cities that contain large populations of African Americans such as Washington DC contain the highest rates of HIV infections. African Americans have maintained a deep sense of religiosity this has been passed on from the days of slavery. Known as black churches, they have played a pivotal role in the struggle for blacks to acquire and consolidate civil and political rights. Majority of the evangelists have ended up as political figures playing a crucial role in the American civil rights movement.